Intubation by commonly employed methods (1). This is illustrated be the statement “ even a conscientious, carefulĪnesthesiologist may be unable to differentiate tracheal from esophageal No breath sounds/ gurgling over the stomach/ epigastrium.ĭisappearance of cyanosis or improvement of patients color.Ĭan provide a ‘fool-proof’ confirmation of endotracheal tube placement. Placement of the endotracheal tube is suggested by, but not confirmed by the Is associated with complications, but none is more catastrophic than inadvertent Tracheal intubation is performed in various clinical situations like respiratory Side stream (as described in the physiology section).ĬO2 is absent as measured by above devices, it means either the endotracheal Close the window to return to this section. Most of the commonly used devices use ‘infra red absorption The digital read out of ETCO2 can be in mm Hg (partial pressure of CO2 inĮxhaled gas) or as % in exhaled gas. Waveform (capnograph) and digital read out of end-tidal CO2. The device is unable to give a reading if it is clogged with When the device is contaminated with acidic substances like gastric acid,ģ. Patients with cardiac arrest, a value of 2%) It is a useful device to confirm endotracheal tube placement Yellow when endotracheal tube is inserted in patients with intact circulation. Normal EtCO2 is >4% hence the device should turn Section, the chemical device provides continuous, semiquantitative EtCO2 Close the window to return to continue with Information about adequacy of ventilation and circulation (3).Ĭolorimetric measurement of carbon dioxide, click Presentation of CO2 to the lungs as in a cardiac arrest. Tube is in a wrong position (esophageal) or there is an absent/ decreased PetCO2 can be used to estimate PaCO2 in patientsĬO2) is detected/ measured by various devices – Colorimetry, capnometry,ĬO2 is absent as measured by these devices, it means either the endotracheal Gradient between the blood CO2 (PaCO2) and exhaled CO2 (end tidal CO2 or PetCO2) End-tidal carbon dioxide reflects CO2Ĭoncentration of alveoli emptying last. This maximum concentration is called end-tidal carbonĭioxide concentration or tension depending on whether it is expressed inįractional concentration or mm Hg. For details refer to terminologyĮxplained in the physiology section, the CO2 concentration reaches a maximum at The nearly 90 degree angle between phase III and the descending limb is Phase II and phase III is the alpha angle. Occasionally, phase IV, which represents the terminal rise in CO 2 Single breath CO 2 curve, is divided into phases I, II and III, and The expiratory segment, similar to a single breath nitrogen curve or Close the window to return back to this page.Ī time capnogram can be divided into inspiratory (phase 0) and expiratory Understanding basic physiology of capnography- Click Non-invasive technique that can monitor C02 production, pulmonary perfusion andĪlveolar ventilation as well as respiratory patterns. Therefore, capnography constitutes an important Production of C02 at the tissue level and in the delivery of C02 to the lungs by Measurement of C02 in the expired air directly indicates changes in theĮlimination of C02 from the lungs. Here oxygen (O2) enters the blood and carbon dioxide (CO2) is given out Right side of the heart and reaches the lungs via pulmonary circulation. Venkatesh Srinivasa MD & Bhavani Shankar Kodali MDĭioxide produced in the tissues and diffuse into the venous blood which reaches the
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